阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
Nowadays,almost everyone has realized 1.smoking is harmful 2.people's health.Sometimes it 3.causes fire. In China,about 38% of the people smoke. Every year,they smoke millions of packets of cigarettes. It's bad news for the health of nation. It's known that 4.(smoke) can cause different kinds of disease. Every year,many people die5.these illness,such as lung and throat cancers. It also costs the government much money 6.(look) after these sick people. Smoking is also harmful to those 7.don't smoke,8.(especial) to children and women. In a word,smoking is no good. If you want to smoke,just think of those who suffer from diseases 9.the fires that destroy people's 10.(life) and properties!
1.that
2.to
3.even
4.smoking
5.from/of
6.to look
7.who
8.especially
9.and
10.lives
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了吸烟的危害。
1.考查名词性从句连接词。句意:现在,几乎每个人都意识到吸烟有害健康。动词realized后为宾语从句,从句中不缺少成分,故填that。
2.考查固定搭配。短语be harmful to“对……有害”,故填to。
3.考查副词。句意:有时候吸烟甚至会引发火灾。根据句意可知表示“甚至;还”应填even。
4.考查非谓语动词。句意:众所周知,吸烟会导致各种各样的疾病。。此处为动名词作从句的主语,故填smoking。
5.考查固定短语。句意:很多人死于这些疾病。短语die from/of“死于……”,故填from/of。
6.考查非谓语动词。句意:政府花费了很多钱照料这些病人。此处为不定式作目的状语,故填to look。
7.考查定语从句连接词。句意:吸烟对那些不吸烟的人也有害处。此处为定语从句修饰先行词those,且先行词在从句中做主语,指人,故填关系代词who。
8.考查副词。句意:尤其是对孩子和女性有害。修饰短语应用副词,故填especially。
9.考查连词。句意:如果你想吸烟,想想那些遭受疾病和火灾的人,破坏人们的生命和财产!与下文the fires构成并列结构,故填and。
10.考查名词的数。life作生命讲时为可数名词,根据下文and properties并列结构可知应填名词复数形式,故填lives。
【点睛】
名词性从句关键在于三点:一、找准从句在主句中充当的成分即分出是名词性从句的主语句、宾语从句、表语从句还是同位语从句。二、连接词从句中充当的成分(主、宾、定或状语或不做任何成分)三、弄清楚每个连接词的意义。此外还要注意,近年来高考对于名词性从句的考查多从名词性从句的语序和连接词的用法区别上考查。
本句中的第1小题考查的是宾语从句,从句中不缺少任何成分,故填that。
并列连词的概念:
连词是一种虚词,它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如:and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both...and, notonly...butalso, either...or, neither...nor, (and)then 等等。
种类 |
用法 |
举例 |
并列连词 |
表示转折关系 |
but, yet等 |
表示因果关系 |
For, so等 |
|
表示并列关系 |
And, or, either…or, |
并列连词知识体系:
种类 | 用法 | 举例 |
并列连词 | 表示转折关系 | yet, but等 |
表示并列关系 | and, or, either...or..., as welll as等 | |
表示因果关系 | for, so等 |
并列连词与并列结构:
并列连词引导两个并列的句子。
1)and与or:
判断改错:
(错) They sat down and talk about something.
(错) They started to dance and sang.
(错) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.
(对) They sat down and talked about something.
(对) They started to dance and sing.
(对) I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.
解析:第一句:and连接两个并列的谓语,所以talk应改为talked。
第二句:and连接两个并列的动词不定式,第二个不定式往往省略to,因此sang应改为sing。
第三句:and连接感观动词saw后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构,因此whisper应改为whispering。
注意:and还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。(or也有此用法)
如:Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.=If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.
One more effort, and you'll succeed.=If you make one more effort, you'll succeed.
2)both...and 两者都
如:She plays(both) the piano and the guitar.
3)not only...but(also), as well as 不但…而且
如:She plays not only the piano, but(also) the guitar.
注意:not only…but also关联两个分句时,一个分句因有否定词not而必须倒装。
如:Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.
4)neither...nor 意思为“既不……也不……”谓语动词采用就近原则,与nor后的词保持一致。
如:Neither you nor he is to blame.
比较so和such :
so与such的用法由不同词性决定。such是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。so还可与表示数量的形容词many,few,much,little连用,形成固定搭配。
构成:so+adj.
such+a(n)+n.
so+adj.+a(n)+n.
such+n.(pl.)
so+adj.+n.(pl.)
such+n.(pl.)
so+adj.+n.[不可数]
such+n.[不可数]
如:so foolish
such a fool
so nice a flower
such a nice flower
so many/few flowers
such nice flowers
so much/ little money.
such rapid progress
so many people
such a lot of people
注:so many 已成固定搭配,a lot of 虽相当于many,但a lot of为名词性的,只能用such搭配。 so...that与such...that之间的转换既为so与such之间的转换。
并列连词用法点拨:
1、表示并列关系:
1)or意思为“否则”。
如:I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam.
2)either...or意思为“或者……或者……”。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。
如:Either you or I am right.
2、表示转折或对比关系:
1)but表示转折,while表示对比。
如:Some people love cats, while others hate them.
典型例题:
—Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
—I'd like to, ___ I'm too busy.
A. and
B. so
C. as
D. but
答案:D。but与前面形成转折,符合语意。而表并列的and,结果的so,原因的as都不符合句意。
2)not...but...意思为“不是……而是……” not和but后面的用词要遵循一致原则。
如:They were not the bones of an animal, but(the bones) of a human being.
3、表示原因关系:
1)for 判断改错:
(错)For he is ill, he is absent today.
(对)He is absent today, for he is ill. for是并列连词,不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首,只能将其放在两个分句中间。
比较and和or的用法:
1)并列结构中,or通常用于否定句,and用于肯定句。
2)但有时and也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点:
如:There is no air or water in the moon.
There is no air and no water on the moon.
在否定中并列结构用or连接,但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构,因此要用and。
典型例题:
—I don't like chicken___fish.
—I don't like chicken, ___I like fish very much.
A. and;and
B. and;but
C. or;but
D. or;and
答案:C。否定句中表并列用or,but表转折。
判断改错:
(错)We will die without air and water.
(错)We can't live without air or water.
(对)We will die without air or water.
(对)We can't live without air and water.
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